文史哲 ›› 2023 ›› Issue (2): 118-129. • • 上一篇    下一篇



壬子年祭天与元朝的国史编纂

马晓林,南开大学历史学院暨宋元史研究中心副教授   

  • 出版日期:2023-03-05

The Sacrifice to Heaven on the Sun-Moon Mountain in 1252 and the Compilations on the History of the Yuan Dynasty

  • Online:2023-03-05 Published:2023-03-31

摘要: 壬子年(元宪宗蒙哥二年,1252)日月山祭天,是有元一代的重要政治文化事件,但在元代的不同文献中有关键性细节分歧。经史源分析,可以发现元文宗朝政书《经世大典》将日月山祭天礼乐活动归于宪宗蒙哥,而将碑传史料中所记的世祖忽必烈隐去。考诸壬子年史实,是忽必烈主导了中原礼乐人员从东平到漠北日月山的活动。壬子年忽里台大会期间,以蒙古文撰写的第一部“国史”《蒙古秘史》成书。《蒙古秘史》所载成吉思汗命子孙祭祀不儿罕山之圣训,与壬子年日月山祭天交相辉映。蒙哥重视的是蒙古传统祭祀,虽然他观看了中原礼乐,但并不感兴趣。到元世祖时期,壬子年日月山祭天仍留存在华北民间记忆中,但在官修宪宗实录中却难觅踪迹。元文宗朝编纂政书时,重新宣扬壬子年祭天,而且篡改了仪式、人物等历史细节,以便为元朝首次亲郊造势。文宗朝政书中的这种篡改过的历史书写,直接被明初《元史》的《志》及部分《列传》所继承。元朝宪宗、世祖、文宗时期官方对壬子年祭天的书写与改写,反映了元朝政治文化二元传统的演变与融合过程。

关键词: 礼制, 元代, 历史书写, 史学史, 蒙汉二元

Abstract:

The sacrifice to heaven on the Sun-Moon Mountain in A.D. 1252, i.e., the second year of Emperor Xianzong Mongke’s reign, was an important political and cultural event in the Yuan dynasty, but there were differences in key details from different documents. It can be found that The Grand Classics on Statecraft compiled under Emperor Wenzong attributed all the ritual activities on the Sun-Moon Mountain to Mongke, and concealed Emperor Shizu Qubilai who is recorded on steles. It was Qubilai who led ritual personnel of Central China going from Dongping to Sun-Moon Mountain. The record that Genghis Khan ordering his descendants to offer sacrifices to Mount Burqan recorded in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first dynastic history compiled during the Quriltai Assembly in 1252, coincides with the sacrifice on the Sun-Moon Mountain in the same year. Mongke valued traditional Mongol sacrifices, and was not interested in Chinese rituals. Under the reign of Qubilai, the 1252 sacrifice on the Sun-Moon Mountain lingered in the folk memory in north China, but could not be found in Veritable Records of Xianzong. When Emperor Wenzong ordered to compile official political books, the sacrifice in 1252 was re-advertised, and the details in ceremonies and personage were tampered in order to advertise for the first dynastic suburban sacrifice to Heaven. The tampered historical writings under Emperor Wenzong were directly inherited by the pieces of treatises and biographies of The History of Yuan compiled in early Ming. The writings and rewritings in the reigns of Xianzong, Shizu, and Wenzong on the sacrifice in 1252 reflect the evolution and integration process of the dual politico-cultural traditions of the Yuan dynasty.